The Industrial Revolution happened in the 1800s. It was a time period in which machines, tools, etc. were invented.  It was a time in the past where new things were being invented every day, and it all started in London, England around the 1700s.

The Industrial Revolution took place near the English Channel, North Sea, Norway, Ireland, France and Germany. During the Industrial Revolution many things were discovered and created, like the Steam Engine and coal powered items. Also in the Industrial Revolution, the gap between the rich and poor grew tremendously.

In the 1850s the men wore ties, collard shirts, and top hats. Tuxedos also became more popular in the 1850s for casual events. The women wore white puffed sleeves. Realistic flower trimmings were added on to the dresses and flowered skirts were beginning to be worn.

The British Military in the Industrial Revolution fought most of their battles by sea. The Navy wore red coats; and for weapons, they had muskets and bayonets.

The architecture had lots of round doorways, made out of bricks, which was used in parks and outdoor buildings like Big Ben and the Victorian style houses. The insides of the houses were very detailed. Also; in some of the houses, there were statues.

During the Industrial Revolution, the rulers of England were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. They were the ones who made the rules of England.

London, England became rich from free trade, railoroads, buisness pricesm, export of capital, and imperialism. They made money off of railroads by exporting them to the world.They also got rich by mining coal and steel and selling the items that they made out of it.

England’s culture wasn’t very fascinating. For fun they would play games like good ball, tennis, and chess. The only book they ever read was the dictionary.

Philosophy and Theology during the 1800s was the belief in christianity and protestant.The Church during the Industrial was split into two groups, the protestants and the christians.

In the Industrial there were lots of discoveries and inventions. Some inventions were the cotton gin invented by Eli Witney, The steam engine improved by James Watt, and the Colt Revolver invented by Samuel Colt. They also found new ways of manufacturing. With the new process using Steam Power they were able to make products more efficiently. (Steam power was invented by Thomas Newcmon).

The education in the past, in England, wasn’t so good for the poor. For the upper class students they had private tutors. They learned math, english, and latin. The poor were either not educated or home schooled.

The Industrial Revolution; now as you can see, was a big part in our history. Now hopefully after reading my essay you understand what the Industrial Revolution was about.

In my science class me and my group have been working on Water Wheels. The types of Water Wheels are Undershot, Overshot, Breastshot, and Pitchback. For ours we chose Breastshot. We chose Breastshot because it worked the best and pulled up the load the fastest, the only downside was that Breastshot used lots of energy.

Our first Water Wheel was not so good. The first problem was that our paddles were way too short for Breastshot.  We fixed that problem by making the paddles longer but, another problem was that the Water Wheels mass wasn’t centered and it was lopsided and was barely able to go in a circle. Then we had to fix that by making the paddles longer and really even.

Then more problems came. The water kept falling out of the paddles and the Water Wheel didn’t move. So after that we as the last thing we fixed was that we made pockets for the Water Wheel to hold. Then we tested it out.

Water Wheels were originally made during the Industrial Revolution for a new way to Harvest corn. Now they are used mostly for electrical power mostly in England.

Most children in the Industrial Revolution were forced to work for about nineteen hours a day. But in March 1833, Lord Ashley allowed the children to only have to work up to twelve hours a day. During the Industrial Revolution people also shifted from handmade items to machinery made items. Michiel Faraday created the first electrical current.

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution all of the manufacturing was done with hand tools or simple machines. Most children were preferred work over the adults. In 1787 Cart Write invented a power-mill. All of the manufacturing began after steam power was created. Also at the time, in Britain the first steam powered and metal screwed ship was made. The elevator safety break was also created. Some of the most important things created was Morse code an the telegraph.

Michiel Faraday was base of all electronics. He figured out how to make the first electrical current. After that, things like the telegraph, transatlantic cable, and the first electric motor were invented. Later the phonograph and telephone were created. Other things such as the steam engine were designed and later updated. The sewing machine was updated several times. The Wright brothers completed the first successful plane in 1903. One of the most strange things was discovered by Marie Curie. She found how to use radioactivity as a power source.

During this time, some people were effected in a positive way, and others in a negative way. During that time rich benefited the most, the poor got what they worked for, and children were paid the least amount of money. Families were forced to send their children to work when they were in debt, and if they were unable to pay they were sent to Debters Prison. People that lived in rural areas or open farmland were affected very negatively. The Industries took their land to build on and they used the land for factories and Transportation services. Only twenty percent of all of the were wealthy and the other eighty percent were not. Religion gave comfort to poor families were in debt. The poor would occasionally go to Taverns for entertainment and to keep their old hobbies.

In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the Government did nothing to help the citizens and let them do what they wanted. Later Lord Ashley got the 1833 factory act law passed by parliament, which allowed children that worked nineteen hours a day only have to work twelve hours a day. All people worked in factory’s on a product to try and make more money. Children under the age of eight weren’t allowed to do any cloth working. From the ages nine to thirteen kids had to work nine hours a day; ages thirteen to eighteen had to work twelve hours. Children under eleven had to go to school for two hours a day and the government made the factories safe for them.

There were some good and bad things that came out of the Industrial Revolution. Marie Curie discovered how to use radioactivity as a power source. People started to use coal and steam powered machinery. Some bad things were that factories took over all the open farm land, and workers and children were really over-worked. Overall, the Industrial Revolution was a pretty good thing.

Voltaire was born on November 21, 1694 in Paris. His real and full name was Francois-Marie Arouet. In his younger years he went to school at College Louis Le Grand. Voltaire’s parents names were Francois Arouet, and Marie Marguerite Aumart. In 1698 he went on his first sea voyage for scientific exploration and he was only 4 years old! In 1704 Voltaire entered the Jesuit school, College Louis Le Grand.

In France 1717, Voltaire was at first exiled then imprisoned at the Bastille for writings that were offensive to very powerful people. Throughout the years from 1723 to 1778 Voltaire had written lots of books and lots of plays, Just like in 1732.  Voltaire presented one of his best plays “Zaire”. In 1726 Voltaire was exiled again for 2 more years to England.

Later in 1731 Voltaire wrote a book on English customs and was forced to leave Paris. Later, between the years 1734 and 1777 Voltaire had written lots books including a book called “Candide”. From 1759 to 1776 Voltaire really wanted to go back to Paris, the place of his birth. Then finally in 1777, Voltaire returned to Paris and was welcomed back as a hero from his estate.

Voltaire had accomplished many things throughout his life but in 1778 Voltaire died in Paris the same place he was born.  Voltaire is remembered today as a big part of the Enlightenment.  His ideas about freedom, rights, and liberty changed the way people thought.

Today I will be talking about Sparta and what they did for life. I will be talking about Spartan Geography, philosophy and theology, politics, economics, family and education, military, clothing, culture, what they discovered/invented, architecture, and agriculture.

Sparta is located in the region of Laconia in the south-eastern region of Peloponnese. Ancient Sparta was built on the banks of the Evrotas River. The valley of Evrotas is naturally bounded to the west by Mt.Taygetus. To the north Laconia is separated from Arcadia. This was Spartan geography and this is how the rest of my report is going to be written.

Spartan Agriculture

Spartan agriculture was very interesting. They planted wheat,barley,legumes,sickles, and grapes. They harvested grapes to make wine, and to make wine they had to crush the grapes by foot. To make bread they had to crush the wheat but they couldn’t do it by themselves so, the oxen, donkeys, and mules crushed the wheat. During the winter time the ground was very hard to plant crops, so they had to use a hoe and mallet to break the dirt.

Spartan clothing

The Spartans wore light weight clothing during warm weather, like linen, and silk was what they used to make the clothing. During the winter they wore wool clothing like robes. Their Robes would go all theway down to their ankles and would hardly show any skin. Long pieces of colorful fabric were used to make their clothes.

Spartan Architecture

This is what I will be talking about next and it is my favorite thing about the Spartans. The temples in Sparta were made out of stone,and made to celebrate civic power and pride. In southern Italy there is a Spartan Temple better than any other temple in the world. Spartan temples are the biggest temples in the world. Spartan houses were made out of sun dried mud bricks and made very small windows. There houses had lots of designs on them and were very colorful. Also the Spartans and all of the Greeks liked their homes private.

Spartan Politics

During the classical period Spartans politics were very different from anyone else. Sparta did not like the way that tyranny worked so they produced a different type of government. They formed a very complex government that was a mixture of democracy and oligarchy. The kingship in Sparta was held by two kings who shared equal powers and responsibilities for life. They had a very strong government and military.

Spartan Military

The Spartan city-state [Sparta] produced what was probably the most iconic military in ancient history. It was the best military compared to others during the same time in history. Spartans devoted their entire lives to training in military arts, and was a way of life. The selection of Spartan warriors began before their birth. The ancient Spartan warriors were known for their bravery and pride. The Spartans took the rich land of their neighbors and made them helots and forced laborers.

Spartan Economy

Sparta was the capiatal of the city state of Lacedaemon, which was a very rich territory. The land had a lot of resources such as mines, quarries, forests, and fertile land. Spartan citizens were prohibited by their laws from engaging in any trade or manufacture, other than arms. The land area of Lacedaemon was larger than that of any other city-states. Spartans allowed conquered citizens of lands taken, to live on the land and participate in daily life. These were called “periokoi”who enjoyed a higher status than slaves. They were not citizens, but they were still allowed to participate in the economy.  The helots were considered the slaves and considered part of the property of the Spartan government.

Spartan Culture

Spartans were completly focused on thier miliarty, it was thier entire way of life. The training of a Spartan started at birth, with the newly born spartan being inspected by the elders. If the Spartan baby was considered weak, it was left to die. At the age of 7 Spartan boys left home to attend military school. They were taught boxing, swimming, javelin throwing, and disc throwing. Although Spartan girls were not did not go through military training, they were educated. At the age of 60  men were allowed to retire from the military, and sometimes served on the special council.

Spartan Philosophy and Theology

Spartans believed in communism, they wanted equality. Spartans believed in many gods, but mainly beleived in Zeus. They also beleived in Apollo, Artemis, and Posiden. The Spartans needed a strong army so that the helots did not revolt. They beileved in protecting their way of life. Sparta had two kings they came from two families the Agiads and the Eurypontids. During the Persian Wars the two Kings had lost the power to be able to start a war. The 5 ephors had all of the power when the persians came.

The spartans invented coins for money and trade and different types of war tactics. The war tactics involved boats and their way of attacking. Sparta also invented war forts for when they were running out of attack plans and were losing the war. They created the catapult with they used during wars at far range. The spartans also invented the chariot to fight with mobility against soldiers on foot.

THE  END

If I could choose between being able to fly or being able to be invisible I would pick being able to Fly. Being able to fly would be awesome. I would fly to school, fly over the ocean, jump out of a plane and live, and I could also fly around the world. A normal day for me with my power to fly would start with me waking up early in the morning and fly as fast as I could to the donut shop and get a couple of glazed covered donuts. After that I would fly to an amusement park really fast and go on a couple of roller coasters, then finally go to school. During recess and lunch I would fly around to show kids that I could fly and I would also fly super fast out of school and get some pizza for my whole class. Then after school I would finish my homework really fast then fly as fast as a jet to my friends house and hang out for the rest of the day.

If I had to pick who was the most important person in history I would pick Abraham Lincoln. I think he is the most important person in history because he ended slavery and the Civil War. He wrote the Emancipation proclamation,helped with the 13th Amendment, ended the Civil War, and wrote a speech called the Gettysburg Address . Abraham Lincoln freed 3.1 million slaves by writing the Emancipation Proclamation.

Then Abraham Lincoln helped with the 13th Amendment to end indentured slavery. The 13th Amendment also helped end all other slavery.After the 13th Amendment the Civil War started, that is what I will start talking about next.

Then came the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was commander in chief in the war. The Civil War was a war against slavery and to keep slavery. When the War was almost ending and we were going to take the victory Lincoln wrote a speech called the Gettysburg Address, for all of the soldiers that died during the Civil War. After we had won Lincoln lived peacefully for some years but later at a movie theater in Washington D.C he was assassinated.